A volcanologist is a science professional who observes, studies and monitors volcanoes. They work to track and understand the nature of volcanoes in their various stages of activity and environments and perform experiments on eruptive products and rock samples. Volcanologists may work in academic, research, conservation or government settings to provide information and insight. They may also use research data and scientific reasoning to predict volcanic eruptions and assess the risks involved.

Volcanologists do in-depth surveying, research, reporting and analyzing of volcanoes as they progress through different stages of activity. Most volcanologists travel and examine volcanoes in different geographical environments and conduct research on collected rock samples. Most volcanologists split their time between collecting samples and working in a laboratory to perform and analyze experiments. A volcanologist who works in nature conservation or in an academic position teaches others about the science and geological processes of a volcano. In a government position, a volcanologist may offer predictions for eruptions and advice on how to handle eruptions and their aftermath.